# 浏览器支持
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# 安装
# 包管理
使用 npm:
$ npm install axios
使用 bower:
$ bower install axios
使用 yarn:
$ yarn add axios
使用 pnpm:
$ pnpm add axios
安装成功后,你可以使用 import
和 require
引入包:
import axios, {isCancel, AxiosError} from 'axios';
你也可以通过默认导出,因为命名导出只是从 Axios 工厂重新导出:
import axios from 'axios';
console.log(axios.isCancel('something'));
如果你使用 require
的方式导入,只需要确保 default export
是可用的:
const axios = require('axios');
console.log(axios.isCancel('something'));
对于在尝试将模块导入自定义或传统环境时出现问题的情况,您可以尝试直接导入模块包:
const axios = require('axios/dist/browser/axios.cjs'); // browser commonJS bundle (ES2017)
// const axios = require('axios/dist/node/axios.cjs'); // node commonJS bundle (ES2017)
# CDN
使用 jsDelivr CDN (ES5 UMD 浏览器模块):
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/axios@1.1.2/dist/axios.min.js"></script>
使用解包的 CDN:
<script src="https://unpkg.com/axios@1.1.2/dist/axios.min.js"></script>
# 例子
提示
为了在使用带有 require()
的 CommonJS 导入时获得 TypeScript 类型(用于开发工具的代码补全),请使用以下方法:
import axios from 'axios';
//const axios = require('axios'); // legacy way
// Make a request for a user with a given ID
axios.get('/user?ID=12345')
.then(function (response) {
// handle success
console.log(response);
})
.catch(function (error) {
// handle error
console.log(error);
})
.finally(function () {
// always executed
});
// Optionally the request above could also be done as
axios.get('/user', {
params: {
ID: 12345
}
})
.then(function (response) {
console.log(response);
})
.catch(function (error) {
console.log(error);
})
.finally(function () {
// always executed
});
// Want to use async/await? Add the `async` keyword to your outer function/method.
async function getUser() {
try {
const response = await axios.get('/user?ID=12345');
console.log(response);
} catch (error) {
console.error(error);
}
}
注意
async/await 是 ECMAScript 2017 的一部分,在 IE 和旧版浏览器中不受支持,因此请谨慎使用。
Performing a POST
request
axios.post('/user', {
firstName: 'Fred',
lastName: 'Flintstone'
})
.then(function (response) {
console.log(response);
})
.catch(function (error) {
console.log(error);
});
执行多个并发请求
function getUserAccount() {
return axios.get('/user/12345');
}
function getUserPermissions() {
return axios.get('/user/12345/permissions');
}
Promise.all([getUserAccount(), getUserPermissions()])
.then(function (results) {
const acct = results[0];
const perm = results[1];
});
# axios API
可以通过配置axios
来发出请求。
# axios(config)
// Send a POST request
axios({
method: 'post',
url: '/user/12345',
data: {
firstName: 'Fred',
lastName: 'Flintstone'
}
});
// GET request for remote image in node.js
axios({
method: 'get',
url: 'https://bit.ly/2mTM3nY',
responseType: 'stream'
})
.then(function (response) {
response.data.pipe(fs.createWriteStream('ada_lovelace.jpg'))
});
# axios(url[, config])
// Send a GET request (default method)
axios('/user/12345');
# 请求别名
为方便起见,为所有常见请求方法提供了别名。
# axios.request(config)
# axios.get(url[, config])
# axios.delete(url[, config])
# axios.head(url[, config])
# axios.options(url[, config])
# axios.post(url[, data[, config]])
# axios.put(url[, data[, config]])
# axios.patch(url[, data[, config]])
提示
使用别名的时候,不需要在 config
中指定 url
、 method
以及 data
。
# 并发(已弃用)
请使用 Promise.all
替换以下用于处理并发请求的辅助函数。
axios.all(可迭代) axios.spread(回调)
# 创建实例
您可以使用自定义配置创建一个新的 axios 实例。
# axios.create([config])
const instance = axios.create({
baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
timeout: 1000,
headers: {'X-Custom-Header': 'foobar'}
});
# 实例方法
下面列出了可用的实例方法,特殊配置将与实例配置合并。
# axios#request(config)
# axios#get(url[, config])
# axios#delete(url[, config])
# axios#head(url[, config])
# axios#options(url[, config])
# axios#post(url[, data[, config]])
# axios#put(url[, data[, config]])
# axios#patch(url[, data[, config]])
# axios#getUri([config])
# 请求(Request)配置
这些是用于发出请求的可用配置选项。 其中,只有 url
是必需的,如果没有明确指定 method
请求方式,那么默认是 GET
请求。
{
// `url` is the server URL that will be used for the request
url: '/user',
// `method` is the request method to be used when making the request
method: 'get', // default
// `baseURL` will be prepended to `url` unless `url` is absolute.
// It can be convenient to set `baseURL` for an instance of axios to pass relative URLs
// to methods of that instance.
baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
// `transformRequest` allows changes to the request data before it is sent to the server
// This is only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH' and 'DELETE'
// The last function in the array must return a string or an instance of Buffer, ArrayBuffer,
// FormData or Stream
// You may modify the headers object.
transformRequest: [function (data, headers) {
// Do whatever you want to transform the data
return data;
}],
// `transformResponse` allows changes to the response data to be made before
// it is passed to then/catch
transformResponse: [function (data) {
// Do whatever you want to transform the data
return data;
}],
// `headers` are custom headers to be sent
headers: {'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'},
// `params` are the URL parameters to be sent with the request
// Must be a plain object or a URLSearchParams object
params: {
ID: 12345
},
// `paramsSerializer` is an optional config in charge of serializing `params`
paramsSerializer: {
encode?: (param: string): string => { /* Do custom ops here and return transformed string */ }, // custom encoder function; sends Key/Values in an iterative fashion
serialize?: (params: Record<string, any>, options?: ParamsSerializerOptions ), // mimic pre 1.x behavior and send entire params object to a custom serializer func. Allows consumer to control how params are serialized.
indexes: false // array indexes format (null - no brackets, false (default) - empty brackets, true - brackets with indexes)
},
// `data` is the data to be sent as the request body
// Only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', 'DELETE , and 'PATCH'
// When no `transformRequest` is set, must be of one of the following types:
// - string, plain object, ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferView, URLSearchParams
// - Browser only: FormData, File, Blob
// - Node only: Stream, Buffer, FormData (form-data package)
data: {
firstName: 'Fred'
},
// syntax alternative to send data into the body
// method post
// only the value is sent, not the key
data: 'Country=Brasil&City=Belo Horizonte',
// `timeout` specifies the number of milliseconds before the request times out.
// If the request takes longer than `timeout`, the request will be aborted.
timeout: 1000, // default is `0` (no timeout)
// `withCredentials` indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests
// should be made using credentials
withCredentials: false, // default
// `adapter` allows custom handling of requests which makes testing easier.
// Return a promise and supply a valid response (see lib/adapters/README.md).
adapter: function (config) {
/* ... */
},
// `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used, and supplies credentials.
// This will set an `Authorization` header, overwriting any existing
// `Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.
// Please note that only HTTP Basic auth is configurable through this parameter.
// For Bearer tokens and such, use `Authorization` custom headers instead.
auth: {
username: 'janedoe',
password: 's00pers3cret'
},
// `responseType` indicates the type of data that the server will respond with
// options are: 'arraybuffer', 'document', 'json', 'text', 'stream'
// browser only: 'blob'
responseType: 'json', // default
// `responseEncoding` indicates encoding to use for decoding responses (Node.js only)
// Note: Ignored for `responseType` of 'stream' or client-side requests
responseEncoding: 'utf8', // default
// `xsrfCookieName` is the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf token
xsrfCookieName: 'XSRF-TOKEN', // default
// `xsrfHeaderName` is the name of the http header that carries the xsrf token value
xsrfHeaderName: 'X-XSRF-TOKEN', // default
// `onUploadProgress` allows handling of progress events for uploads
// browser & node.js
onUploadProgress: function ({loaded, total, progress, bytes, estimated, rate, upload = true}) {
// Do whatever you want with the Axios progress event
},
// `onDownloadProgress` allows handling of progress events for downloads
// browser & node.js
onDownloadProgress: function ({loaded, total, progress, bytes, estimated, rate, download = true}) {
// Do whatever you want with the Axios progress event
},
// `maxContentLength` defines the max size of the http response content in bytes allowed in node.js
maxContentLength: 2000,
// `maxBodyLength` (Node only option) defines the max size of the http request content in bytes allowed
maxBodyLength: 2000,
// `validateStatus` defines whether to resolve or reject the promise for a given
// HTTP response status code. If `validateStatus` returns `true` (or is set to `null`
// or `undefined`), the promise will be resolved; otherwise, the promise will be
// rejected.
validateStatus: function (status) {
return status >= 200 && status < 300; // default
},
// `maxRedirects` defines the maximum number of redirects to follow in node.js.
// If set to 0, no redirects will be followed.
maxRedirects: 21, // default
// `beforeRedirect` defines a function that will be called before redirect.
// Use this to adjust the request options upon redirecting,
// to inspect the latest response headers,
// or to cancel the request by throwing an error
// If maxRedirects is set to 0, `beforeRedirect` is not used.
beforeRedirect: (options, { headers }) => {
if (options.hostname === "example.com") {
options.auth = "user:password";
}
},
// `socketPath` defines a UNIX Socket to be used in node.js.
// e.g. '/var/run/docker.sock' to send requests to the docker daemon.
// Only either `socketPath` or `proxy` can be specified.
// If both are specified, `socketPath` is used.
socketPath: null, // default
// `httpAgent` and `httpsAgent` define a custom agent to be used when performing http
// and https requests, respectively, in node.js. This allows options to be added like
// `keepAlive` that are not enabled by default.
httpAgent: new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true }),
httpsAgent: new https.Agent({ keepAlive: true }),
// `proxy` defines the hostname, port, and protocol of the proxy server.
// You can also define your proxy using the conventional `http_proxy` and
// `https_proxy` environment variables. If you are using environment variables
// for your proxy configuration, you can also define a `no_proxy` environment
// variable as a comma-separated list of domains that should not be proxied.
// Use `false` to disable proxies, ignoring environment variables.
// `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used to connect to the proxy, and
// supplies credentials.
// This will set an `Proxy-Authorization` header, overwriting any existing
// `Proxy-Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.
// If the proxy server uses HTTPS, then you must set the protocol to `https`.
proxy: {
protocol: 'https',
host: '127.0.0.1',
// hostname: '127.0.0.1' // Takes precedence over 'host' if both are defined
port: 9000,
auth: {
username: 'mikeymike',
password: 'rapunz3l'
}
},
// `cancelToken` specifies a cancel token that can be used to cancel the request
// (see Cancellation section below for details)
cancelToken: new CancelToken(function (cancel) {
}),
// an alternative way to cancel Axios requests using AbortController
signal: new AbortController().signal,
// `decompress` indicates whether or not the response body should be decompressed
// automatically. If set to `true` will also remove the 'content-encoding' header
// from the responses objects of all decompressed responses
// - Node only (XHR cannot turn off decompression)
decompress: true // default
// `insecureHTTPParser` boolean.
// Indicates where to use an insecure HTTP parser that accepts invalid HTTP headers.
// This may allow interoperability with non-conformant HTTP implementations.
// Using the insecure parser should be avoided.
// see options https://nodejs.org/dist/latest-v12.x/docs/api/http.html#http_http_request_url_options_callback
// see also https://nodejs.org/en/blog/vulnerability/february-2020-security-releases/#strict-http-header-parsing-none
insecureHTTPParser: undefined // default
// transitional options for backward compatibility that may be removed in the newer versions
transitional: {
// silent JSON parsing mode
// `true` - ignore JSON parsing errors and set response.data to null if parsing failed (old behaviour)
// `false` - throw SyntaxError if JSON parsing failed (Note: responseType must be set to 'json')
silentJSONParsing: true, // default value for the current Axios version
// try to parse the response string as JSON even if `responseType` is not 'json'
forcedJSONParsing: true,
// throw ETIMEDOUT error instead of generic ECONNABORTED on request timeouts
clarifyTimeoutError: false,
},
env: {
// The FormData class to be used to automatically serialize the payload into a FormData object
FormData: window?.FormData || global?.FormData
},
formSerializer: {
visitor: (value, key, path, helpers) => {}; // custom visitor function to serialize form values
dots: boolean; // use dots instead of brackets format
metaTokens: boolean; // keep special endings like {} in parameter key
indexes: boolean; // array indexes format null - no brackets, false - empty brackets, true - brackets with indexes
},
// http adapter only (node.js)
maxRate: [
100 * 1024, // 100KB/s upload limit,
100 * 1024 // 100KB/s download limit
]
}
# 响应(Response)结构
请求的响应包含以下信息。
{
// `data` is the response that was provided by the server
data: {},
// `status` is the HTTP status code from the server response
status: 200,
// `statusText` is the HTTP status message from the server response
statusText: 'OK',
// `headers` the HTTP headers that the server responded with
// All header names are lowercase and can be accessed using the bracket notation.
// Example: `response.headers['content-type']`
headers: {},
// `config` is the config that was provided to `axios` for the request
config: {},
// `request` is the request that generated this response
// It is the last ClientRequest instance in node.js (in redirects)
// and an XMLHttpRequest instance in the browser
request: {}
}
使用 then
时,您将收到如下响应:
axios.get('/user/12345')
.then(function (response) {
console.log(response.data);
console.log(response.status);
console.log(response.statusText);
console.log(response.headers);
console.log(response.config);
});
当使用 catch
或传递一个 rejection callback (opens new window) 作为 then
的第二个参数时, 如 错误处理 部分所述,响应将通过 error
对象提供。
# 默认配置
您可以指定将应用于每个请求的配置默认值。
# 全局 axios 默认值设置
axios.defaults.baseURL = 'https://api.example.com';
// Important: If axios is used with multiple domains, the AUTH_TOKEN will be sent to all of them.
// See below for an example using Custom instance defaults instead.
axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = AUTH_TOKEN;
axios.defaults.headers.post['Content-Type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
# 自定义实例默认值设置
// Set config defaults when creating the instance
const instance = axios.create({
baseURL: 'https://api.example.com'
});
// Alter defaults after instance has been created
instance.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = AUTH_TOKEN;
# 配置优先顺序
配置将按优先顺序合并。 顺序是在 lib/defaults.js (opens new window) 中的默认值,然后是实例的defaults
属性 ,最后是请求的 config
参数,后者将覆盖前者。
// Create an instance using the config defaults provided by the library
// At this point the timeout config value is `0` as is the default for the library
const instance = axios.create();
// Override timeout default for the library
// Now all requests using this instance will wait 2.5 seconds before timing out
instance.defaults.timeout = 2500;
// Override timeout for this request as it's known to take a long time
instance.get('/longRequest', {
timeout: 5000
});
# 拦截器
您可以在请求或响应被 then
或 catch
处理之前拦截它们。
// Add a request interceptor
axios.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
// Do something before request is sent
return config;
}, function (error) {
// Do something with request error
return Promise.reject(error);
});
// Add a response interceptor
axios.interceptors.response.use(function (response) {
// Any status code that lie within the range of 2xx cause this function to trigger
// Do something with response data
return response;
}, function (error) {
// Any status codes that falls outside the range of 2xx cause this function to trigger
// Do something with response error
return Promise.reject(error);
});
如果你打算在后面移除拦截器,你可以这么做:
const myInterceptor = axios.interceptors.request.use(function () {/*...*/});
axios.interceptors.request.eject(myInterceptor);
你也可以通过 clear
函数移除所有的拦截器。
const instance = axios.create();
instance.interceptors.request.use(function () {/*...*/});
instance.interceptors.request.clear(); // Removes interceptors from requests
instance.interceptors.response.use(function () {/*...*/});
instance.interceptors.response.clear(); // Removes interceptors from responses
axios 的新实例可以通过以下方式添加拦截器:
const instance = axios.create();
instance.interceptors.request.use(function () {/*...*/});
当您添加请求拦截器时,默认情况下它们被假定为异步的。
在主线程被阻塞时执行 axios 请求时可能会导致延迟(在后台创建了一个 promise 拦截器和您的请求被放在调用堆栈的底部)。
如果您的请求拦截器是同步的,您可以添加一个标志到 options 对象,它将告诉 axios 同步运行代码并避免请求执行中的任何延迟。
axios.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
config.headers.test = 'I am only a header!';
return config;
}, null, { synchronous: true });
如果你想根据运行时检查执行特定的拦截器,您可以将 runWhen
函数添加到选项中。
当且仅当返回 runWhen
的值为 false
的时候,拦截器不会被执行。
当您有一个只需要在特定时间运行的异步请求拦截器,该函数将通过该配置调用(不要忘记您也可以将自己的参数绑定到它)。
function onGetCall(config) {
return config.method === 'get';
}
axios.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
config.headers.test = 'special get headers';
return config;
}, null, { runWhen: onGetCall });
# 多拦截器
假设你添加了多个响应(Response)拦截器,当响应完成之后
- 每个拦截器都会被指型
- 它们会按照添加的顺序执行
- 只返回最后一个拦截器的处理结果
- 每个拦截器都可以接收到其前一个拦截器的处理结果
- and when the fulfillment-interceptor throws
- then the following fulfillment-interceptor is not called
- then the following rejection-interceptor is called
- once caught, another following fulfill-interceptor is called again (just like in a promise chain).
查阅拦截器测试用例 来查看上面描述的内容.
# 处理错误
默认情况下,拒绝所有返回状态代码超出 2xx 范围的响应,并将其视为错误。
axios.get('/user/12345')
.catch(function (error) {
if (error.response) {
// The request was made and the server responded with a status code
// that falls out of the range of 2xx
console.log(error.response.data);
console.log(error.response.status);
console.log(error.response.headers);
} else if (error.request) {
// The request was made but no response was received
// `error.request` is an instance of XMLHttpRequest in the browser and an instance of
// http.ClientRequest in node.js
console.log(error.request);
} else {
// Something happened in setting up the request that triggered an Error
console.log('Error', error.message);
}
console.log(error.config);
});
使用 validateStatus
配置选项,您可以覆盖默认条件(status >= 200 && status < 300)并定义应该抛出错误的 HTTP 代码。
axios.get('/user/12345', {
validateStatus: function (status) {
return status < 500; // Resolve only if the status code is less than 500
}
})
使用 toJSON
可以得到一个对象,其中包含有关 HTTP 错误的更多信息。
axios.get('/user/12345')
.catch(function (error) {
console.log(error.toJSON());
});
# 取消请求
# AbortController
从 v0.22.0
版本开始,Axios 支持通过 AbortController 来取消请求:
const controller = new AbortController();
axios.get('/foo/bar', {
signal: controller.signal
}).then(function(response) {
//...
});
// cancel the request
controller.abort()
# CancelToken 👎deprecated
当然,你也可以继续使用 CancelToken 的方式来取消请求.
axios cancel token API 是基于 withdrawn cancellable promises proposal (opens new window) 实现的。
这个API已经在 v0.22.0 版本被标记为过期,最好不要在新项目中使用该API。
你可以使用 CancelToken.source
工厂来创建一个 cancel token,如下所示:
const CancelToken = axios.CancelToken;
const source = CancelToken.source();
axios.get('/user/12345', {
cancelToken: source.token
}).catch(function (thrown) {
if (axios.isCancel(thrown)) {
console.log('Request canceled', thrown.message);
} else {
// handle error
}
});
axios.post('/user/12345', {
name: 'new name'
}, {
cancelToken: source.token
})
// cancel the request (the message parameter is optional)
source.cancel('Operation canceled by the user.');
你也可以使用 new 的方式通过 CancelToken
的构造函数来创建一个 cancel token:
const CancelToken = axios.CancelToken;
let cancel;
axios.get('/user/12345', {
cancelToken: new CancelToken(function executor(c) {
// An executor function receives a cancel function as a parameter
cancel = c;
})
});
// cancel the request
cancel();
提示
你可以使用同一个 cancel token 来取消多个请求。
如果 cancel token 在发起请求前已经被标记为取消状态,那么请求不会被真正发起。
在过渡期间,你可以同时使用这两种方法来取消请求。
# 使用 application/x-www-form-urlencoded
格式
# URLSearchParams
默认情况下,axios 将会把 JavaScript 对象序列化成 JSON
格式。 如果想要使用 application/x-www-form-urlencoded
格式 (opens new window) 发送数据,您可以使用 URLSearchParams
(opens new window) API,大部分浏览器都支持这种请求方式。而在 Node 环境中,则从 v10 版本开始支持(发布于2018年)。
const params = new URLSearchParams({ foo: 'bar' });
params.append('extraparam', 'value');
axios.post('/foo', params);
# Query string (老版本浏览器)
为了与非常老的浏览器进行兼容,有一个 polyfill (opens new window) 可用(确保对全局环境进行 polyfill)。
或者,您可以使用 qs
(opens new window) 库对数据进行编码:
const qs = require('qs');
axios.post('/foo', qs.stringify({ 'bar': 123 }));
Or in another way (ES6),
import qs from 'qs';
const data = { 'bar': 123 };
const options = {
method: 'POST',
headers: { 'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' },
data: qs.stringify(data),
url,
};
axios(options);
# 老版本 Node.js
老版本的 Node.js 引擎中, 你可以使用 querystring
(opens new window) 模块,如下所示:
const querystring = require('querystring');
axios.post('https://something.com/', querystring.stringify({ foo: 'bar' }));
你也可以使用 qs
(opens new window) 库.
提示
如果您需要对嵌套对象进行字符串化,则最好使用 qs
库,因为 querystring
方法有一些已知的问题 (opens new window)。
# 🆕 自动序列化为 URLSearchParams
如果 content-type header 设置为“application/x-www-form-urlencoded”,axios 会自动将数据对象序列化为 urlencoded 格式。
const data = {
x: 1,
arr: [1, 2, 3],
arr2: [1, [2], 3],
users: [{name: 'Peter', surname: 'Griffin'}, {name: 'Thomas', surname: 'Anderson'}],
};
await axios.postForm('https://postman-echo.com/post', data,
{headers: {'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}}
);
服务端将会收到一下格式的数据:
{
x: '1',
'arr[]': [ '1', '2', '3' ],
'arr2[0]': '1',
'arr2[1][0]': '2',
'arr2[2]': '3',
'arr3[]': [ '1', '2', '3' ],
'users[0][name]': 'Peter',
'users[0][surname]': 'griffin',
'users[1][name]': 'Thomas',
'users[1][surname]': 'Anderson'
}
如果你的后端 body-parser(比如 express.js 的 body-parser)支持嵌套对象解码,你将在服务器端自动获得相同的对象:
var app = express();
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true })); // support encoded bodies
app.post('/', function (req, res, next) {
// echo body as JSON
res.send(JSON.stringify(req.body));
});
server = app.listen(3000);
# 使用 multipart/form-data
格式
# FormData
要将数据作为 multipart/formdata
发送,您需要将 formData 实例作为有效payload传递过去。不需要设置Content-Type
标头,因为 Axios 会根据 payload 类型进行自动判断。
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('foo', 'bar');
axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post', formData);
在 Node.js 中, 你可以使用 form-data
(opens new window) 库,如下所示:
const FormData = require('form-data');
const form = new FormData();
form.append('my_field', 'my value');
form.append('my_buffer', new Buffer(10));
form.append('my_file', fs.createReadStream('/foo/bar.jpg'));
axios.post('https://example.com', form)
# 🆕 自动序列化成 FormData
从 v0.27.0
开始,如果请求的 Content-Type
头设置为 multipart/form-data
,Axios 支持自动将对象序列化为 FormData 对象。
以下请求将以 FormData 格式(浏览器和 Node.js)提交数据:
import axios from 'axios';
axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post', {x: 1}, {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data'
}
}).then(({data}) => console.log(data));
在 node.js
构建中,默认使用 (form-data
(opens new window)) polyfill。
您可以通过设置 env.FormData
配置变量来重载 FormData 类, 但在大多数情况下你可能不需要它:
const axios = require('axios');
var FormData = require('form-data');
axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post', {x: 1, buf: new Buffer(10)}, {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data'
}
}).then(({data}) => console.log(data));
Axios FormData 序列化器支持一些特殊的结尾来执行以下操作:
{}
- 使用 JSON.stringify 序列化值[]
- 将类似数组的对象解包为具有相同键的单独字段
提示
unwrap/expand 操作将默认用于数组和 FileList 对象
FormData 序列化器通过 config.formSerializer: object 属性支持额外的选项来处理一些罕见的情况:
visitor: Function
- 将被递归调用以序列化数据对象的用户定义的访问者函数 按照自定义规则添加到 FormData 对象。dots: boolean = false
- 使用点符号而不是括号来序列化数组和对象;metaTokens: boolean = true
- 在 FormData 键中添加特殊结尾(例如user{}: '{"name": "John"}'
)。 后端正文解析器可能会使用此元信息自动将值解析为 JSON。indexes: null|false|true = false
- 控制如何将索引添加到flat
array-like objects 的展开键null
- 不要添加方括号(arr: 1
、arr: 2
、arr: 3
)false
(默认)- 添加空括号(arr[]: 1
、arr[]: 2
、arr[]: 3
)true
- 添加带索引的括号(arr[0]: 1
、arr[1]: 2
、arr[2]: 3
)
假设我们有这样一个对象:
const obj = {
x: 1,
arr: [1, 2, 3],
arr2: [1, [2], 3],
users: [{name: 'Peter', surname: 'Griffin'}, {name: 'Thomas', surname: 'Anderson'}],
'obj2{}': [{x:1}]
};
以下步骤将由 Axios 序列化器在内部执行:
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('x', '1');
formData.append('arr[]', '1');
formData.append('arr[]', '2');
formData.append('arr[]', '3');
formData.append('arr2[0]', '1');
formData.append('arr2[1][0]', '2');
formData.append('arr2[2]', '3');
formData.append('users[0][name]', 'Peter');
formData.append('users[0][surname]', 'Griffin');
formData.append('users[1][name]', 'Thomas');
formData.append('users[1][surname]', 'Anderson');
formData.append('obj2{}', '[{"x":1}]');
当 Content-Type
header 预设为 multipart/form-data
的时候, Axios 支持以下快捷方法:postForm
、putForm
、patchForm
。
# 提交文件
您可以轻松提交单个文件:
await axios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post', {
'myVar' : 'foo',
'file': document.querySelector('#fileInput').files[0]
});
或使用 multipart/form-data
提交多个文件:
await axios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post', {
'files[]': document.querySelector('#fileInput').files
});
FileList
可以直接传递对象
await axios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post', document.querySelector('#fileInput').files)
所有文件都将使用相同的字段名称发送: files[]
.
# 🆕 HTML 表单提交 (仅限浏览器)
将 HTML 表单元素作为有效 payload 传递,以将其作为 multipart/form-data
内容提交。
await axios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post', document.querySelector('#htmlForm'));
FormData
和 HTMLForm
对象也可以通过将 Content-Type
标头显式设置为 application/json
来发送 JSON
格式的数据:
await axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post', document.querySelector('#htmlForm'), {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
}
})
例如:
<form id="form">
<input type="text" name="foo" value="1">
<input type="text" name="deep.prop" value="2">
<input type="text" name="deep prop spaced" value="3">
<input type="text" name="baz" value="4">
<input type="text" name="baz" value="5">
<select name="user.age">
<option value="value1">Value 1</option>
<option value="value2" selected>Value 2</option>
<option value="value3">Value 3</option>
</select>
<input type="submit" value="Save">
</form>
将作为以下 JSON 对象提交:
{
"foo": "1",
"deep": {
"prop": {
"spaced": "3"
}
},
"baz": [
"4",
"5"
],
"user": {
"age": "value2"
}
}
当前不支持将 Blobs
/Files
作为 JSON (base64
) 发送。
# 🆕 进度捕捉
axios 支持浏览器和 Node 环境来捕获请求上传/下载的进度。
await axios.post(url, data, {
onUploadProgress: function (axiosProgressEvent) {
/*{
loaded: number;
total?: number;
progress?: number; // in range [0..1]
bytes: number; // how many bytes have been transferred since the last trigger (delta)
estimated?: number; // estimated time in seconds
rate?: number; // upload speed in bytes
upload: true; // upload sign
}*/
},
onDownloadProgress: function (axiosProgressEvent) {
/*{
loaded: number;
total?: number;
progress?: number;
bytes: number;
estimated?: number;
rate?: number; // download speed in bytes
download: true; // download sign
}*/
}
});
您还可以在 node.js 中跟踪流上传/下载进度:
const {data} = await axios.post(SERVER_URL, readableStream, {
onUploadProgress: ({progress}) => {
console.log((progress * 100).toFixed(2));
},
headers: {
'Content-Length': contentLength
},
maxRedirects: 0 // avoid buffering the entire stream
});
提示
目前在 node.js 环境中不支持捕获 FormData 上传进度。
警告
建议通过设置 maxRedirects: 0 来禁用重定向以在 node.js 环境中上传流, 因为 follow-redirects 包将在 RAM 中缓冲整个流,而不遵循“背压”算法。
# 🆕 速度限制
只能为 http 适配器(node.js)设置下载和上传速率限制:
const {data} = await axios.post(LOCAL_SERVER_URL, myBuffer, {
onUploadProgress: ({progress, rate}) => {
console.log(`Upload [${(progress*100).toFixed(2)}%]: ${(rate / 1024).toFixed(2)}KB/s`)
},
maxRate: [100 * 1024], // 100KB/s limit
});
# Semver
在 axios 到达 1.0
版本之前,小版本迭代和大版本迭代将会同时进行,例如 0.5.1
和 0.5.4
的API是相同的,但是 0.6.0
将会出现差异。
# Promises
axios 依赖于 支持 (opens new window) 的原生 ES6 Promise 实现。 如果您的环境不支持 ES6 Promises,您可以 polyfill (opens new window)。
# TypeScript
axios 包括 TypeScript (opens new window) 定义和 axios 错误的类型保护。
let user: User = null;
try {
const { data } = await axios.get('/user?ID=12345');
user = data.userDetails;
} catch (error) {
if (axios.isAxiosError(error)) {
handleAxiosError(error);
} else {
handleUnexpectedError(error);
}
}
因为 axios dual 使用 ESM 默认导出和 CJS module.exports
发布,所以有一些注意事项。
推荐的设置是使用"moduleResolution": "node16"
(这由"module": "node16"
指定)。 请注意,这需要 TypeScript 4.7 或更高版本。
如果使用 ESM,那么你的配置应该没什么问题。
如果将 TypeScript 编译为 CJS 并且不能使用 "moduleResolution": "node 16"
,则必须启用 esModuleInterop
。
如果您使用 TypeScript 来类型检查 CJS JavaScript 代码,你只能选择使用 "moduleResolution": "node16"
。
# 在线尝试
您可以使用 Gitpod —— 一个在线的 IDE(开源免费)来在线贡献或运行示例。
# 资源
- Changelog (opens new window)
- Ecosystem (opens new window)
- Contributing Guide (opens new window)
- Code of Conduct (opens new window)
# 感谢
axios 项目深受 AngularJS (opens new window) 中提供的 $http 服务 (opens new window) 的启发。
最终,axios 致力于提供一个独立的类似于 $http
的服务,以便在 AngularJS 之外使用。